X-Ray Radiography

X-Ray Radiography is a nondestructive semiconductor failure analysis technique used to examine the interior details of the package. It operates on the principle of dissimilar transmission of X-Rays through different materials.  The ability of a material to block X-Rays increases with its density. It is this dissimilar transmission of X-rays through different materials that is utilized to create an image of various contrasts.  X-Ray imaging may be accomplished on film, by fluoroscopy, or by using image intensifying video systems.

  

A typical modern X-Ray inspection equipment has a filament that produces an electron beam used to excite a target into producing X-Rays. The X-Ray emissions are then directed to and transmitted through the specimen. The transmitted X-Rays are collected by a detector, translated into electric signals, amplified, and transformed into an X-Ray image.

           

The varying densities of the various materials comprising the specimen allow different amounts of X-Rays to pass through, resulting in varying grayscale levels on the X-Ray image.  The quality of the X-Ray image formed therefore depends not only on the proper operation of the X-Ray equipment used, but on the composition of the specimen as well. Some materials used in semiconductor assembly, such as aluminum wires, are transparent to X-Ray, and are therefore invisible in X-Ray images.           

                              

X-Ray radiography is commonly used to inspect for wiresweeping and other wirebond problems, die attach voids, package voids and cracks. It is excellent for determining leadframe outlines as well. Traditional x-ray systems use photosensitive films to record the x-ray image. Since X-Rays are not easy to focus, this method produces low-resolution images, which greatly limits its usefulness. 

                            

Today, X-Ray systems use a microspot source, real-time detection and automated manipulation of the sample to achieve higher resolution and throughput. These systems are capable of detecting much finer package details and defects.

Digital Radiography & Fluoroscopy

Digital radiology may represent the greatest technological advancement in medical imaging over the last decade. The use of radiographic films in x ray imaging might become obsolete in a few years. An appropriate analogy that is easy to understand is the replacement of typical film cameras with digital cameras. Images can be immediately acquired, deleted, modified, and subsequently sent to a network of computers.

The benefits from digital radiology are enormous. It can make a radiological facility or department filmless. The referring physician can view the requested image on a desktop or a personal computer and often report in just a few minutes after the examination was performed. The images are no longer held in a single location; but can be seen simultaneously by physicians who are kilometres apart. In addition, the patient can have the x ray images on a compact disk to take to another physician or hospital.

Happy Sinhala & Tamil New Year

Happy Sinhala & Tamil New Year my dear friends.. Wish u all

the best for your dreams.

Breast Radiology

Breast cancer is the number one killer out of all cancers  in women globally. Most of the recorded cases are those presented with symptoms are of advanced stage at the time of diagnosis.

Early diagnose may help the patient to get better treatment options by giving them the best chance to be survived.

There are various methods of diagnosing breast cancer early

Self breast examination

Clinical breast examination

Ultra sound scanning

Mammogram

Breast self examination

The woman can examine the breast by herself

The method of self breast examination Is as follow

Check for  pain, lump, nipple discharge, nipple retraction, skin infiltration ,skin erythemia, Asymmetry of the both breast

Clinical breast examination 

If the woman find any abnormality by the SBE She should go to the physician or a surgeon

He or She will examine you

Ultra sound scan

Will be done by well expert radiologist 

Basic Mammography Techniques

It is the mammographer's aim to produce a consistently high quality mammographic image.This is paramount in diagnostic mammography to enable the Radiologist to accurately evaluate the image.

Views

Cranio Caudal View

• This view includes most of the breast tissue. 

• Ensure firstly the bucky height is correct and at the level of the infra mammary fold so the breast is fully elevated including the posterior tissue. This reduces the chance of pulling the skin as the compression comes down. 

• The patient stands facing the bucky with her head turned away from the side being examined. Keep one arm around her shoulder and the other hand to position the breast. Position from the medial side of the woman

Criteria for assessing the CC view 

1. As much medial and lateral tissue visualised as possible 

2. Aim to include pectoral muscle 

3. Correct exposure 

4. Adequate compression 

5. No movement 

6. Proper processing 

7. No artefacts 

8. No skin folds or shoulder in view 

9. Images should be symmetrical 

10. Correct film ID-patient details, markers, date, and radiographer's initials 

11. Nipple in profile-if difficult, do an extra nipple view.

Medio-Lateral Oblique

• The degree of angulation depends on the angle of the pectoralis major muscle. The film holder should be parallel to the angle of the pectoral muscle at the mid axillary line. Generally taller, slimmer women need a steeper angle. Smaller women may need to be more lateral and larger breasted women less than 45 degrees. 

• Ask the woman the place her hand on the bar as the armpit is placed over the bucky corner. Ensure no folds on the lateral side of the breast and check all the lateral tissue is on the edge of the Bucky. The arm should be resting over and on to the back of the bucky. 

• Gently push the shoulder down by the hand on the clavicle. 

• Once sure there is adequate axillary tissue, position the breast and apply the compression while supporting the inferior aspect. The breast needs to be pulled up and out so that it will be imaged at 90 degrees to the chest wall. 

• Ensure no folds and smooth out the inframammary region. To be sure that all the breast tissue has been imaged the top of the compression plate should be just below the clavicle and the inner edge alongside the sternum. 

X-ray is Everywhere

X-ray is everywhere. I just found a site & here you can get high quality x-ray images as shown on follow. This is good site for your own customized x-ray, art work or graphics . Just visit this and you can get more details...

X ray Posters

Watch now -- History of Radiography

Radiography is a interesting field when you are working with it.  For everything, i believe we should know about the history. Otherwise we couldn't build the strong future. I could find some interesting video about 'History of The Radiography' from the You tube. Watch this and learn something about history of the 'Radiography'...